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# Title: An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding (shelfmarks Leibn. Marg. 38; ZEN Leibn. Marg. 38)
# Folio 137, page id 778263916:0153
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Our Ideas of Substances.
complex Idea olchole Subctances, erhicha Smith, or a seveller, common-
ly knons betrer than a Philolopher; erho, vrhatever substantial forms ho
mar talt ot, has no other Idea oF those Substances, than wrhrat is tramed
by a collection ot thole simple Ideas are to be Found in them; only wo
must talre notice, that our complex Ideas ot Substances, besides all these
simple Ideas ther are made up ot, have alvass theconsuled ldea ot lome
chins eo which ches belons, and in which cher sublist: and theresore
Whien re speak ot ans Port of Subltance, we lay it is a chine havins suct
or such Oualities, 25 Body is a chins thacis extended, tigured, and ca-
pable oF Motion; 2 Spirit a thins capable ot thinking: and (0 ITardneIs,
Friabilier, and Porer to drar tron, e lay, are Qualities to be tound in a
Loadstone. These aud, the like factions oF speakcing intimate, cat the
Substance is suppoled alvass (omethins belides thefxtention, Figuro, 50.
licity, Mocion, Phintcins, or other oblerrable Sdeas, thoush Wc knOW nOE
Wrtac iC 15.
SI Fenco when we calk or thinle ot any particular TOrE oF corporeal
Substances, as HTorse, Stone, Csc. thouxh the Idea, e have of cither ol
them, be but the Complication, or Collection, oF thole leveral simple Ideas
of sensible Dualities, Which e ule to tind united in the thins called
FTorle, or Stone, yet becaule we cannot conceire, how ther Mould sublict
alone, nor one in another, we suppose ihem io exist in, and supported by
some common subject; Which Support ve denote by the name Substance-
chouch it be certain, e have noclear, or distinct idea ot that chins, We
suppose a Support.
5. 5. Thelame happens concernins the Operations oP the Mind, viz
Thintins. Rcalonins, Fcarins, (5c. Whieh me concludins not to subsist ot
chemselres, nor apprehendins hon cher can belons to Body, or bc pro
duced by it, we are apt to thinss chese the actions ot some other Sub.
Aance, which re calt Spirir; Whereby rec uc is crident, chat havins no
Ocher Idea or Nocion, oF Matter, buc somethins wherein thole many
sensible Oualicies, wtich afteet our senses, do sublist; by supposins 2
Substarice, Wherein Thinkine, Knowing, Doubtins, and a pover ot Movins, (56.
do sublict, We have as clear a Norion of the Nature, or Substance of Spirit
asme have of Body; the onebeins supposed to be (withour lnowins irtrat
it is) the substratum co thole simple Ideas we have trom withour; and
the ocher suppoled (With a litce ignorance oP what it is) eobe the substra-
tum to those Operations, Which e experiment in our selves within.  Tis
plain chen, that the Idea ot corporeal Substance in Matrer is as remote
trom our Conceptions, and Apprehentions, as that of Spiritual Substance,
Or Spirit: and cheretore trom our not harins any norion ol che subltance
el Spirit, We can no more conclude its non-Exiltence, than we can, tor
the lame realon, dens theExistence oF Body: Ic beins asrational toastum,
chereis no Bod), because re cannot bnow its P. Nencc, a5 tis called, or
have no Ldea oF the Substance oF Matter; as to Cay, there is no spirit,
Decause We LLHOW nOE itS Esence, or have no Idea oF a Spiritual Sub.
Stance.
5. 6. Wharever cheretore Be the lecret ane absract Nature OF Substance
ingeneral, aIL The Ideas ve have of parricular distinct Substances, are nothine
but several Combinations of simplo Ideas, coextristing in such, thouph un-
knon, Cause ot cheirOnion, as malces the whole sublist oF ic selt. Pis by
such Combinations oF simple Ldeas, aud nochins elle, that we represent
particular Substances to our selves; such are rhe Ideas we have ot their
several sores in our Minds; and sueh only do ve by their specitick NameS,
sixnitie ro octiers, v. 5. Man, Horle, Sun, Wacer, tron, upon lcarine
erhich