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# Title: An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding (shelfmarks Leibn. Marg. 38; ZEN Leibn. Marg. 38)
# Folio 154, page id 778263916:0170
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Relation.
5. 2. FTavins thus, trom irhat our sensesare able todiscover, in theopera-
tions oF Bodies on onc another, gor theNorion ofCaule and Ffect; viz. Phat
a Cause is that which makes any otherthing, cither simple idea Substance,
or Mode, begin to bes and an FFoct is that, Which hac irs Beginning from
Tome ocher thins, The Mind Cnds no great difficultr, to distinguisti the
several OriginalS OF chings inEO tWO TOrIS:
First When che thino is hollr made new, (o that no part thereot
did ever exist besore; as Wrhen a neir Particle oF Matter doth begin E0
exist, in rerum natura, wrhich had betore no Beins; and this ire caII
Creation.
Secondr, When a thing is made ux ot Partieles, Which did all oF them
belore exist, but thatvery thins, so constituted of pre exictins Parricles,
erhich considered altogether makre up such a Collection ot simple Pdeas,
had notanr Existence betore, asthis Ban, this Fgg, ROsC, Or CherrY, (9c.
And this, Wrhen reterred to a Substance, produced in the ordinary course
oF Naturo, by an internal Principle, but set on worte by, and received
trom lome external Agent, or Cause, and wortrins by insenlible mars,
Wrhich re perceire not, re call Generation; When the Cause is extrinlical,
and the Ffect produced by a sensible Separation, or juxta Postion ot diu
scernable Parts, re callit Making; and such are all artificial things. When
any simple Idea is produced, Wrhich ras noc in that subject before, ve
call ic alteration. Thus a Ban is generated, a Dicture made, and cicher
olthem altered, wrhen ans ner sensible dualier, or simple Idea, is produ-
ced incither os them, Which vas not there belore; and che things thus
made toexist, wtrich evere not chere betore, are ffects; andthole chines,
erhich operated to the Existence, Causes. In Wrtrich, and all other C’ales,
re may obserre, that the Norion oF Cause and F. Hect, has its rise From
Ideas, receired by Senlation or Reflection; and that ehis Relation, Horr
comprehensire loever terminates at last in them. For tohave the Idea ot
Cause and Ffect, it suffices to consider any simple Ldea, or Substance, 25
beginnins eo exist, br the Operation of some other, without bnorins
the manner oF that Operation.
6. 3. Time and Place, are also the Foundations of very larse Relations,
and aIl Ainite Beinos, at least are concerned in them. But havino alreadu
Thewn in anocher Place, hor e sot thele Ldeas, it mas suffice here to
intimate, thar most of ihe Denominations of thines, reccived trom time,
are only Relations; thus, ertren anr one lays, that Dueen Flizabeth lived
sixer nine, and reisned forey tive rears; these Words impore onty
ehe Relation oF that Duration tosome other, and means no more but this,
chat ehe Duration of her Existence ras equal to lizry nine, and the Dura-
tion oFtier Government ro forey sire Annual Revolutions oF the sun; and
Poare all Words, ansverins, hou long. Asain, William the Congueror inva-
ded Fneland about the rear 1070. Wtrich means this; that talcing the
Duration from our Saviours Time, till porr, for one entire great lenerh
oF time, it ers at erhat distance chis Invasion was Trom the EVO Ex
tremes: and (0 doall Nords oF rime, antivering to the Ouection when,
ertrich sew onty che distance ot any point ottime, trom the Period ot a
lonser Duration, From which re meature, and to which e thereby con-
Tider ic, as related.
G. 4 There are vet besides thole, other Nords of time, that ordinarily
are chouohe to Rand for poltive Ldeas, Which vet ill, when considered,
De found toberelatire, such as are roune. OId, erc. irhich include, and
intimate the Rolation anr thinos has, to a certain length oF Duration,
Whercos we hare che Ldea in our Minds. Thus havirs serled in our
Thoushes
I