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# Title: An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding (shelfmarks Leibn. Marg. 38; ZEN Leibn. Marg. 38)
# Folio 223, page id 778263916:0239
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ames of Substances
Stiock, and a Flound, are noc as distinst Species, a5 a Spaniel, ane an Fle.
Pliane. We have no orher Laea ol the difterent tissence oF an Flephant
and a Spaniel, than we hare oi the different Fsenee oF a Shock and an
Found; al rhe essential difterenco, Wherebr e hnom and distinouis
ehem onc from another, consiltins onty in eho ditterent Collection ot
simple Lacas, to Wrhich we have siven those difTerenE BaMES.
5. 38. LTor muchthe makinz of Species and Genera is in order to ce-
perat Names, and hou muchi general Namesare necestary, il not to etio
Beins, vet at least co che Complcrins of a Species, and maleins it pals
for such, Wrill appear, Belidles irhat has been laid, above, concernine lco
and Wacer, in a veri tamiliar example. A silene, and a Srikins Wacch,
are bur one Species, eo those ertro have but one name for tiem: but He
ElaE has ehe name Wareh For one, and Clock For the other, and distinet
commplex Ldeas, eo Wrhichi chose Names belons, to him they are ditterene
Species. But iE Wrill De said, the inrard contrivance and consticution, is
ditterent berween these tro, Which che Warch malier has a clear Idea
OC: And VCF, ris plain, eher are tut one Species to him, Wrhen he has
CUL OnC name FOr IBCM. FOr What is sufficiene in the invard Contri-
vance, to malie a new Species: There are Iome Watebes, thac are mado
Wich Tour Wheels, Ochers with Are: I5 this a Specifick difference tO FHC
Worteman. Some have Strings and Pliysies, and ochers none; lomchave
che Balance loose, ard octers regutated by a spiral Sprins, and ochers
by F105S Briilles: Are any, or all oFthese, enouch to malse a specificke dil
terence tothe Worteman, that bnorrs cach of chele, and several ortier
difterent Contrivances, in the incernal Constiturions of Wacches. Tic
certain, cach oF these hath a real difterence trom che rest; but wrtrether
it be an essential, a specifick difference, or no, relates only eo the com-
plex Idea, to nhichthe natme Wareh is siven: a5 lons as they all agree
in ehC Edea FaE BelonES tO FhaE name, Whieh Bas no Species under it.
they are nor essentially nor speciticails difterent. But il any onc ill
inake minuter Dirilions trom Difterences, thac he lnors in che internal
trame ot Wacches; and to such precile complex Ideas, sive names, chat
AaII prevail: cher: Will then De nem Species to them, Wvhro have those
Ideas, Wicti Bames Eo chem; and can, by those ditterences, distinouisti
Wacches into chese several Pores, and chen Narches will be a generical
namC. But Vet ehey ousd be no diltinct spccies ro Men ignorant ot
Cloch Worl, and ehe inmard Contrivances of Warches; Who had no
oetier dea, ur the outvard Chape and bulk, wich tho martrinc ot the
ETourS BY ehc FTand: For to them, all chose ortier Names vould be but
Eynenymeus Fermsfor che lame Idea, and Sisnitie no more, nor no orter
EtinS buE a NarCh. Sust EhuS; PchintC, ic is in nacural FhinOS. NOBO.
dy WiII ouDE, that thic WheclS, Or SpringS (il Pmaz SO Pay) wictiin, are
disterent in a rationat Man, and a Chanceline, nomore chan chat chereis a
disterence in ehe Prame betwreen a DrIl, and a Chanceline. DUE Wherher
onc, or Boch thele difserences be essential, or spccitical, is onlY to BC
lnomn tous, By cheir aereement, or dilagreement rith the complex
Idea that chie name Man Llancs For: For by chat alone can it BC deter-
mined, WHecher one, or both, or Deither oErhose BC a NIan, Or nO.
6. 39. From Wrtrachas been betore Caid, We may see the reason, whr, in
the Species of arcisicial Thines, there is generally less confusion and uncer-
rainty, than in natural. Decause an arciticial Thins beins a production ot
Man, Which ehe Arcificer designd, and cherelore WelL Lnons che Idea
oF, the name oF it is suppoled to stand tor no octer Idea, nor tO import
ans orher estenee, chan wlat is certainls 1o be lmomn, andeasie enoust